cibarius clade (arrow) and its sister group, the clade including C. ( A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny of white and golden representatives of Cantharellus enelensis, related species of the core C. White chanterelles from Newfoundland and Québec are members of the species Cantharellus enelensis and are distinguished by their lack of β-carotene. betularum, and whether specific metabolites could be used to differentiate and identify species and colour variants of chanterelles. The presence of a pigmentless chanterelle with altered odour profile raised the questions of the genetic underpinning of the apparent albinism, of how the chemical composition of these variants compared to typical golden-orange specimens of C. Our first objective was to determine the species identity of the white and pale chanterelles from NL, QC and MN using phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer, or ITS, and large subunit, LSU) and the translation elongation factor gene ( Tef-1).
#Tests for homoscedasticity in xlstat series
Phytoene desaturase (encoded by albino-1, or Al-1) converts phytoene to lycopene through a series of cyclic reactions, which is then converted to the coloured product β-carotene by the lycopene cyclase function of Al-2 17. Dimerization to form the 40-carbon colourless phytoene is carried out by the phytoene synthase activity of the dual-function gene product of albino-2 ( Al-2). The 20-carbon precursor is formed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase, encoded by the gene referred to as albino-3 ( Al-3). Carotenoid synthesis has been studied in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa, and the genes producing the key enzymes have been named for the albino phenotype of their mutant alleles.
cibarius is β-carotene, which is responsible for its golden appearance, followed by lycopene, as well as some α-carotene and γ-carotene 13, 15, 16. cibarius, but not extensively studied because carotenoids can be difficult to analyze since they degrade over time and rapidly with drying 14. Carotenoid analyses have been performed on C. Golden chanterelles get their colour from carotenoid pigments 12, 13. While investigating the NL white chanterelles, we were sent white chanterelles from Québec (QC), Canada, and specimens of commercially harvested pale chanterelles from Minnesota (MN) in the USA. Fruiting bodies of the white chanterelles differed not only in colour but in the absence of the apricot-like odour of the typical golden-orange specimens 11. 1B), often occurring mixed within normally pigmented individuals of C. Soon after that publication, scattered fruitings of pure white chanterelles were reported across the island of Newfoundland (Fig. amethysteus 9, the latter now separated as a new species C. In the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), the common species of golden-orange chanterelles was recently described as Cantharellus enelensis, and differentiated from two other, less common golden species C. cibarius is restricted to Eurasia and have delimited multiple species of golden-orange chanterelles around the world 8. Studies using DNA sequence data have shown that C.
Until recently, most golden-orange chanterelles were referred to as Cantharellus cibarius Fr., and this name is still widely used in commerce and by mushroom enthusiasts. We detected single base substitutions in the phytoene desaturase ( Al-1) and phytoene synthase ( Al-2) genes of the white mutant, which are predicted to result in altered amino acids in their gene products and may be responsible for the loss of β-carotene synthesis in that form. enelensis lacked detectable β-carotene, confirmed to be the primary pigment of wild-type, golden-orange individuals, and could also be distinguished by their profiles of fatty acids and phenolic acids, and by the ketone and terpene composition of their volatiles. We characterized carotenoid pigments, lipids, phenolics, and volatile compounds in these and related chanterelles. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identification of all white chanterelles from NL and QC as Cantharellus enelensis we name these forma acolodorus. White chanterelles (Basidiomycota), lacking the orange pigments and apricot-like odour of typical chanterelles, were found recently in the Canadian provinces of Québec (QC) and Newfoundland & Labrador (NL).
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